Each of the following functions performs a specific transformation on a file name. The argument of the function is regarded as a series of file names, separated by whitespace. (Leading and trailing whitespace is ignored.) Each file name in the series is transformed in the same way and the results are concatenated with single spaces between them.
 

$(dir names...)
Extracts the directory-part of each file name in names. The directory-part of the file name is everything up through (and including) the last slash in it. If the file name contains no slash, the directory part is the string ‘./’.

For example, $(dir src/foo.c hacks) produces the result, ‘src/ ./’.

$(notdir names ...)

Extracts all but the directory-part of each file name in names. If the file name contains no slash, it is left unchanged. Otherwise, everything through the last slash is removed from it.

A file name that ends with a slash becomes an empty string. This is unfortunate because it means that the result does not always have the same number of whitespace-separated file names as the argument had; but we do not see any other valid alternative.

For example, $(notdir src/foo.c hacks) produces the resulting file name, ‘foo.c hacks’.

$(suffix names ...)

Extracts the suffix of each file name in names. If the file name contains a period, the suffix is everything starting with the last period. Otherwise, the suffix is the empty string. This frequently means that the result will be empty when names is not, and if names contains multiple file names, the result may contain fewer file names.

For example, $(suffix src/foo.c hacks) produces the result, ‘.c’.

$(basename names...)

Extracts all but the suffix of each file name in names.If the file name contains a period, the basename is everything starting up to (and not including) the last period. Otherwise, the basename is the entire file name. For example, $(basename src/foo.c hacks) produces the result, ‘src/foo hacks’.

$(addsuffix suffix, names...)

The argument, names, is regarded as a series of names, sep-arated by whitespace; suffix is used as a unit. The value of suffix is appended to the end of each individual name and the resulting larger names are concatenated with single spaces between them.

For example, $(addsuffix .c,foo bar) results in‘foo.c bar.c’.

$(addprefix prefix, names...)

The argument, names, is regarded as a series of names, separated by whitespace; prefix is used as a unit. The value of prefix is prepended to the front of each individual name and the resulting larger names are concatenated with single spaces between them.

For example, $(addprefix src/,foo bar) results in ‘src/foo src/bar’.

$(join list1, list2)

Concatenates the two arguments word by word; the two first words (one from each argument), concatenated, form the first word of the result; the two second words form the second word of the result, and so on. So the nth word of the result comes from the nth word of each argument. If one argument has more words that the other, the extra words are copied unchanged into the result.

For example, ‘$(join a b,.c .o)’ produces ‘a.c b.o’.

Whitespace between the words in the lists is not preserved; it is replaced with a single space. This function can merge the results of the dir and notdir functions to produce the original list of files which was given to those two functions.

$(word n, text)

Returns the nth word of text. The legitimate values of n start from 1. If n is bigger than the number of words in text, the value is empty.

For example, $(word 2, foo bar baz) returns ‘bar’.

$(words text)

Returns the number of words in text. Thus, the last word of text is $(word $(words text),text).

$(firstword names...)

The argument, names, is regarded as a series of names, separated by whitespace. The value is the first name in the series. The rest of the names are ignored.

For example, $(firstword foo bar) produces the result ‘foo’.

Although $(firstword text) is the same as $(word 1, text), the firstword function is retained for its simplicity.

$(wildcard pattern)

The argument pattern is a file name pattern, typically containing wildcard characters (as in shell file name patterns). The result of wildcard is a space-separated list of the names of existing files that match the pattern. See Using wildcard characters in file names.