7 Format Models

This chapter presents the format models for datetime and number data stored in character strings.

This chapter includes the following sections:

Overview of Format Models
Number Format Models
Datetime Format Models

Overview of Format Models

A format model is a character literal that describes the format of DATETIME or NUMBER data stored in a character string. When you convert a character string into a datetime or number, a format model tells Oracle how to interpret the string.

Number Format Models

You can use number format models:

In the TO_CHAR function to translate a value of NUMBER datatype to VARCHAR2 datatype
In the TO_NUMBER function to translate a value of CHAR or VARCHAR2 datatype to NUMBER datatype

Number Format Elements

A number format model is composed of one or more number format elements. The following table lists the elements of a number format model.

Table 7-1 Number Format Elements

Element	Example	Description
, (comma)	`9,999`	Returns a comma in the specified position. You can specify multiple commas in a number format model. Restrictions: A comma element cannot begin a number format model. A comma cannot appear to the right of a decimal character or period in a number format model.
. (period)	`99.99`	Returns a decimal point, which is a period (.) in the specified position. Restriction: You can specify only one period in a number format model.
$	`$9999`	Returns value with a leading dollar sign.
0	`0999` `9990`	Returns leading zeros. Returns trailing zeros.
9	`9999`	Returns value with the specified number of digits with a leading space if positive or with a leading minus if negative. Leading zeros are blank, except for a zero value, which returns a zero for the integer part of the fixed-point number.
B	`B9999`	Returns blanks for the integer part of a fixed-point number when the integer part is zero (regardless of zeros in the format model).
C	`C999`	Returns in the specified position the ISO currency symbol (the current value of the `NLS_ISO_CURRENCY` parameter).
D	`99D99`	Returns in the specified position the decimal character, which is the current value of the `NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTER` parameter. The default is a period (.). Restriction: You can specify only one decimal character in a number format model.
EEEE	`9.9EEEE`	Returns a value using in scientific notation.
G	`9G999`	Returns in the specified position the group separator (the current value of the `NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTER` parameter). You can specify multiple group separators in a number format model. Restriction: A group separator cannot appear to the right of a decimal character or period in a number format model.
L	`L999`	Returns in the specified position the local currency symbol (the current value of the `NLS_CURRENCY` parameter).
MI	`9999MI`	Returns negative value with a trailing minus sign (-). Returns positive value with a trailing blank. Restriction: The MI format element can appear only in the last position of a number format model.
PR	`9999PR`	Returns negative value in <angle brackets>. Returns positive value with a leading and trailing blank. Restriction: The PR format element can appear only in the last position of a number format model.
RN rn	`RN` `rn`	Returns a value as Roman numerals in uppercase. Returns a value as Roman numerals in lowercase. Value can be an integer between 1 and 3999.
S	`S9999` `9999S`	Returns negative value with a leading minus sign (-). Returns positive value with a leading plus sign (+). Returns negative value with a trailing minus sign (-). Returns positive value with a trailing plus sign (+). Restriction: The S format element can appear only in the first or last position of a number format model.
TM	`TM`	The text minimum number format model returns (in decimal output) the smallest number of characters possible. This element is case insensitive. The default is TM9, which returns the number in fixed notation unless the output exceeds 64 characters. If the output exceeds 64 characters, then Oracle Database automatically returns the number in scientific notation. Restrictions: You cannot precede this element with any other element. You can follow this element only with one 9 or one E (or e), but not with any combination of these. The following statement returns an error: `SELECT TO_CHAR(1234, 'TM9e') FROM DUAL;`
U	`U9999`	Returns in the specified position the Euro (or other) dual currency symbol (the current value of the `NLS_DUAL_CURRENCY` parameter).
V	`999V99`	Returns a value multiplied by 10ⁿ (and if necessary, round it up), where `n` is the number of 9's after the `V`.
X	`XXXX` `xxxx`	Returns the hexadecimal value of the specified number of digits. If the specified number is not an integer, then Oracle Database rounds it to an integer. Restrictions: This element accepts only positive values or 0. Negative values return an error. You can precede this element only with 0 (which returns leading zeroes) or FM. Any other elements return an error. If you specify neither 0 nor FM with X, then the return always has 1 leading blank.

Datetime Format Models

You can use datetime format models:

In the TO_CHAR, TO_DATE, TO_TIMESTAMP, TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ, TO_YMINTERVAL, and TO_DSINTERVAL datetime functions to translate a character string that is in a format other than the default datetime format into a DATETIME value
In the TO_CHAR function to translate a DATETIME value that is in a format other than the default datetime format into a character string

Datetime Format Elements

A datetime format model is composed of one or more datetime format elements. The following table lists the elements of a date format model.

Table 7-2 Datetime Format Elements

Element	Specify in TO_* datetime functions?	Description
- / , . ; : "text"	Yes	Punctuation and quoted text is reproduced in the result.
AD A.D.	Yes	AD indicator with or without periods.
AM A.M.	Yes	Meridian indicator with or without periods.
BC B.C.	Yes	BC indicator with or without periods.
CC SCC	No	Century. If the last 2 digits of a 4-digit year are between 01 and 99 (inclusive), then the century is one greater than the first 2 digits of that year. If the last 2 digits of a 4-digit year are 00, then the century is the same as the first 2 digits of that year. For example, 2002 returns 21; 2000 returns 20.
D	Yes	Day of week (1-7).
DAY	Yes	Name of day, padded with blanks to length of 9 characters.
DD	Yes	Day of month (1-31).
DDD	Yes	Day of year (1-366).
DL	Yes	Returns a value in the long date format, which is an extension of Oracle Database's `DATE` format (the current value of the `NLS_DATE_FORMAT` parameter). Makes the appearance of the date components (day name, month number, and so forth) depend on the `NLS_TERRITORY` and `NLS_LANGUAGE` parameters. For example, in the `AMERICAN_AMERICA` locale, this is equivalent to specifying the format `'fmDay,` `Month` `dd,` `yyyy'`. In the `GERMAN_GERMANY` locale, it is equivalent to specifying the format '`fmDay, dd.` `Month yyyy`'. Restriction: You can specify this format only with the `TS` element, separated by white space.
DS	Yes	Returns a value in the short date format. Makes the appearance of the date components (day name, month number, and so forth) depend on the `NLS_TERRITORY` and `NLS_LANGUAGE` parameters. For example, in the `AMERICAN_AMERICA` locale, this is equivalent to specifying the format '`MM/DD/RRRR`'. In the `ENGLISH_UNITED_KINGDOM` locale, it is equivalent to specifying the format '`DD/MM/RRRR`'. Restriction: You can specify this format only with the `TS` element, separated by white space.
DY	Yes	Abbreviated name of day.
E	No	Abbreviated era name (Japanese Imperial, ROC Official, and Thai Buddha calendars).
EE	No	Full era name (Japanese Imperial, ROC Official, and Thai Buddha calendars).
FF [1..9]	Yes	Fractional seconds; no radix character is printed (use the X format element to add the radix character). Use the numbers 1 to 9 after FF to specify the number of digits in the fractional second portion of the datetime value returned. If you do not specify a digit, then Oracle Database uses the precision specified for the datetime datatype or the datatype's default precision. Examples: `'HH:MI:SS.FF'` `SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSTIMESTAMP, 'SS.FF3') from dual;`
FM	Yes	Returns a value with no leading or trailing blanks. See Also: Additional discussion on this format model modifier in the Oracle Database SQL Reference
FX	Yes	Requires exact matching between the character data and the format model. See Also: Additional discussion on this format model modifier in the Oracle Database SQL Reference
HH	Yes	Hour of day (1-12).
HH12	No	Hour of day (1-12).
HH24	Yes	Hour of day (0-23).
IW	No	Week of year (1-52 or 1-53) based on the ISO standard.
IYY IY I	No	Last 3, 2, or 1 digit(s) of ISO year.
IYYY	No	4-digit year based on the ISO standard.
J	Yes	Julian day; the number of days since January 1, 4712 BC. Number specified with J must be integers.
MI	Yes	Minute (0-59).
MM	Yes	Month (01-12; January = 01).
MON	Yes	Abbreviated name of month.
MONTH	Yes	Name of month, padded with blanks to length of 9 characters.
PM P.M.	No	Meridian indicator with or without periods.
Q	No	Quarter of year (1, 2, 3, 4; January - March = 1).
RM	Yes	Roman numeral month (I-XII; January = I).
RR	Yes	Lets you store 20th century dates in the 21st century using only two digits. See Also: Additional discussion on `RR` datetime format element in the Oracle Database SQL Reference
RRRR	Yes	Round year. Accepts either 4-digit or 2-digit input. If 2-digit, provides the same return as RR. If you do not want this functionality, then enter the 4-digit year.
SS	Yes	Second (0-59).
SSSSS	Yes	Seconds past midnight (0-86399).
TS	`Yes`	Returns a value in the short time format. Makes the appearance of the time components (hour, minutes, and so forth) depend on the `NLS_TERRITORY` and `NLS_LANGUAGE` initialization parameters. Restriction: You can specify this format only with the `DL` or `DS` element, separated by white space.
TZD	Yes	Daylight savings information. The TZD value is an abbreviated time zone string with daylight savings information. It must correspond with the region specified in TZR. Example: `PST` (for US/Pacific standard time); `PDT` (for US/Pacific daylight time).
TZH	Yes	Time zone hour. (See `TZM` format element.) Example: `'HH:MI:SS.FFTZH:TZM'`.
TZM	Yes	Time zone minute. (See `TZH` format element.) Example: `'HH:MI:SS.FFTZH:TZM'`.
TZR	Yes	Time zone region information. The value must be one of the time zone regions supported in the database. Example: US/Pacific
WW	No	Week of year (1-53) where week 1 starts on the first day of the year and continues to the seventh day of the year.
W	No	Week of month (1-5) where week 1 starts on the first day of the month and ends on the seventh.
X	Yes	Local radix character. Example: `'HH:MI:SSXFF'`.
Y,YYY	Yes	Year with comma in this position.
YEAR SYEAR	No	Year, spelled out; `S` prefixes BC dates with a minus sign (-).
YYYY SYYYY	Yes	4-digit year; `S` prefixes BC dates with a minus sign.
YYY YY Y	Yes	Last 3, 2, or 1 digit(s) of year.